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Its manual lays out an elaborate back story to justify a dozen space-battles scenarios between two alien races. Starfleet Orion looks rather bizarre when viewed through modern eyes, seeming more a sort of ludic construction set than a completed videogame. To release it, Connelley and Freeman formed Automated Simulations, the first software publisher dedicated solely to games. The first fruit of this union appeared before the end of the year in the form of a space strategy game called Starfleet Orion. And so a marriage of convenience was born. ![]() Freeman was in just the opposite boat: he had been working for several years as a freelance games journalist and had a strong aptitude for game design, but knew nothing about programming. In the end he turned to one of his D&D players, Jon Freeman, for help. Even if he didn’t sell enough copies to make any real money, he could at least use the project to justify writing the PET off on his taxes as a “business expense.” Unfortunately, Connelley was a better programmer than a game designer, and so his initial attempts went nowhere. Since he loved games, he hit upon the idea of writing one for the machine. When he got the thing home and perhaps realized that the 8 K wonder’s utility for such a purpose was limited at best, he was afflicted with a bit of buyer’s remorse at the money he’d spent on it. In 1978 a fellow named John Connelley purchased a Commodore PET to aid in the bookkeeping of the Dungeons and Dragons campaign he was running. Ī device that measures partial pressures (PCO 2) or fractions (FCO 2) of CO 2 during the breathing cycle is called a capnograph. Physiologic dead space (Vd phys) is comprised of Vd aw (instrumental and anatomic dead space) and Vd alv and it is usually reported in mechanical ventilation as the portion of tidal volume (Vt) or minute ventilation that does not participate in gas exchange. This instrumental dead space is considered to be part of the Vd aw. ![]() Mechanical ventilation, if present, adds additional Vd as part of the ventilator equipment (endotracheal tubes, humidification devices, and connectors). The volume of dead space (Vd) reflects the sum of two separate components of lung volume: 1) the nose, pharynx, and conduction airways do not contribute to gas exchange and are often referred to as anatomical Vd or herein as airway Vd (Vd aw) 2) well-ventilated alveoli but receiving minimal blood flow comprise the alveolar Vd (Vd alv). The concept of dead space accounts for those lung areas that are ventilated but not perfused. ![]() ![]() The homogeneity between ventilation and perfusion determines normal gas exchange. |
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